国产欧美日本亚洲精品一5区,亚洲国产一二三精品无码 ,高清国语自产拍免费视频http://hndcdp.com/F51|F53|F55雙相鋼雙相不銹鋼的發(fā)展歷史http://hndcdp.com/post/364.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Duplex Stainless Steel</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">DSS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)是指其固溶組織由鐵素體相與奧氏體相組成,而且其中每相的比例約為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">45-55%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">(量少相至少占</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)的不銹鋼。由于雙相不銹鋼具有鐵素體和奧氏體的兩相組織結(jié)構(gòu),因而具有奧氏體不銹鋼和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點(diǎn),兼具優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能和耐腐蝕性能從而備受青睞。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用開(kāi)始于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1936</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年,名為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Uranus50</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的鋼種在法國(guó)獲得第一個(gè)雙相不銹鋼專利,迄今為止,雙相不銹鋼已經(jīng)發(fā)展了三代</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">[14]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。從圖</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2.1</span><span style="font-family:宋體">可以看出雙相不銹鋼的發(fā)展歷史。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">第一代雙相不銹鋼以</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代美國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">AISI 329</span><span style="font-family:宋體">為代表鋼種,有較高的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,耐局部腐蝕性能好,但因含碳量較高(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C&gt;0.1%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),故焊接時(shí)易失去相的平衡,碳化物沿晶界析出并導(dǎo)致耐蝕性及韌性下降,焊后必須經(jīng)過(guò)熱處理,一般只用于鑄鍛件,在應(yīng)用上受到了一定限制。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">50</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代前蘇聯(lián)發(fā)展了含穩(wěn)定化元素鈦的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">08X21H5T</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">08X21H6M2T </span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼,同時(shí)德國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.4582</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼,法國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Umnus50</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼,英國(guó)研制成功了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ferralium255 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼,以及日本在美國(guó)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">329</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼的基礎(chǔ)上降低碳含量,開(kāi)發(fā)了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">329J</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼種。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">60</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代中期,瑞典開(kāi)發(fā)出了著名的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3RE60</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼,它是第一代雙相不銹鋼的典型代表,特點(diǎn)是超低碳,含</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">量為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">18%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,焊接及成型性能良好,可廣泛代替</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">AISI 304L</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">316L</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼用作耐氯離子應(yīng)力腐蝕的材料。但是該鋼在焊接熱影響區(qū)易出現(xiàn)單相鐵素體組織,從而使耐應(yīng)力腐蝕及晶間腐蝕性能下降。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">70</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代后期以來(lái),隨著二次精煉技術(shù)的應(yīng)用和普及,可容易地冶煉出超低碳的鋼,使一系列新型不銹鋼鋼種的產(chǎn)生成為可能。同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">作為奧氏體形成元素對(duì)雙相不銹鋼有提高耐腐蝕性能的重要作用,改進(jìn)了第一代雙相不銹鋼的缺點(diǎn),從而開(kāi)創(chuàng)了第二代新型的含氫雙相不銹鋼,并開(kāi)辟了雙相不銹鋼新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域,如石油化工、造紙、化肥、制鹽、造船等行業(yè)。第二代<a href="http://hndcdp.com/" target="_self">雙相不銹鋼</a>不論是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">18Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">型,還是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">22Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">或</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">25Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">型大多數(shù)屬于超低碳型,已納入了美國(guó)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">ASTMA789 </span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">A790</span><span style="font-family:宋體">標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外,法國(guó)有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">URANUS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系列,英國(guó)有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">ZERON</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鑄鋼系列。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">80</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代后期發(fā)展的超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼屬于第三代雙相不銹鋼,這類鋼的特點(diǎn)是含碳量極低(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C0.01-0.02%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),含高</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和高</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">1</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">-4%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N0.1-0.3%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),鋼中鐵素體含量</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40-50%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,此類鋼具有優(yōu)良的耐孔蝕性能,抗點(diǎn)蝕當(dāng)量值大于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1996</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年韓國(guó)公開(kāi)的雙相不銹鋼,具有優(yōu)越的抗熱塑性、耐腐蝕性能、抗高溫氧化性能和沖擊性能</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">2010</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年世界雙相不銹鋼年產(chǎn)量已達(dá)到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30</span><span style="font-family:宋體">萬(wàn)噸,并以每年</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">17%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的速率增長(zhǎng);瑞典、芬蘭和法國(guó)作為主要生產(chǎn)國(guó)家,產(chǎn)品包括管、熱軋卷板和熱軋中板等。我國(guó)雙相不銹鋼的研究始于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">70</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代中期,太鋼從</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">90</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代末開(kāi)始研發(fā)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2005</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年推向市場(chǎng);寶山鋼鐵股份有限公司曾為我國(guó)西氣東輸提供了幾百噸的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼鋼管</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p>Thu, 04 Aug 2022 09:32:32 +0800國(guó)外雙相鋼的研究和應(yīng)用http://hndcdp.com/post/355.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">最先研究雙相鋼得國(guó)家是美國(guó),早在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1968</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年美國(guó)就取得了雙相鋼得專利。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1975</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年日本學(xué)者</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S.Hayami</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">T.Furukawa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">T.Matruoka</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">K.Yamamari</span><span style="font-family:宋體">等人發(fā)表了有關(guān)雙相鋼的化學(xué)成分、顯微組織、力學(xué)性能和加工成型性的詳細(xì)研究報(bào)告,同年日、美等國(guó)家先后研制和生產(chǎn)了用于汽車工業(yè)的雙相鋼。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1976~1981</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年,在美國(guó)汽車工程師協(xié)會(huì)(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SAE</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)冶金分會(huì)(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">TMS-AIME</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)的討論會(huì)上對(duì)雙相鋼的性能、組織、用途、合金化以及生產(chǎn)工藝等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)討論和總結(jié),才使雙相鋼在工業(yè)上的實(shí)際生產(chǎn)成為可能,并在汽車工業(yè)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。自</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1982</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年以來(lái),國(guó)外在開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用于高強(qiáng)度鋼絲。高強(qiáng)度高塑性鋼筋。高強(qiáng)度螺栓、高強(qiáng)度打包鋼絲與鋼帶、高沖壓性鋼帶等領(lǐng)域的雙相鋼新品種方面取得進(jìn)展。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">1985</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年美國(guó)加利福尼亞大學(xué)著名電子顯微鏡專家</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">G.</span><span style="font-family:宋體">托馬斯教授來(lái)華介紹,美國(guó)采用合金設(shè)計(jì)原理,在加州大學(xué)伯克利實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了多年的雙相鋼研究,成功地提出了兩種新型雙相鋼,并取得美國(guó)專利。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">G.</span><span style="font-family:宋體">托馬斯教授認(rèn)為,利用合金設(shè)計(jì)原理可以提出適合任何合金生產(chǎn)條件及裝備的以上兩類新鋼種,不需要或只需少量技術(shù)裝備的改造,即可用同樣的成本生產(chǎn)出優(yōu)質(zhì)雙相鋼材,尤其在鋼絲、鋼絲繩和鋼筋等方法具有很大優(yōu)越性。這一雙相鋼生產(chǎn)技術(shù)更適用于生產(chǎn)成本低廉、勞動(dòng)力密集和生產(chǎn)設(shè)備不很先進(jìn)的發(fā)展中國(guó)家。目前,,世界上已有</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">13</span><span style="font-family:宋體">個(gè)國(guó)家的鋼廠引進(jìn)了這一技術(shù),主要是生產(chǎn)棒材、帶材和板材。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">由于技術(shù)上的進(jìn)步,生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展以及應(yīng)用理論研究的深入,低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼發(fā)展很快,形成幾個(gè)分支,以滿足不同類型的構(gòu)件對(duì)鋼材性能的要求。七十年代初,美國(guó)、日本為制造汽車上的一些安全零件(如保險(xiǎn)杠、橫梁等)并減輕汽車白重,采用了低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼以代替普通低碳鋼。但一般低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼難以滿足沖壓工藝對(duì)板材成形性的要求,沖壓件難以成形,或在延展操作中嚴(yán)重開(kāi)裂,盡管從鋼板成形工藝上作了許多努力和改進(jìn),但屈服強(qiáng)度大于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">450MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼的成形問(wèn)題仍然難以解決。這時(shí)期,人們對(duì)復(fù)合材料強(qiáng)化機(jī)制和性能有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),復(fù)合材料強(qiáng)化理論有了新的發(fā)展,。因此一類新的復(fù)合顯微組織強(qiáng)化,并具有良好成型性的低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼一鐵素體馬氏體<a href="http://hndcdp.com/post/354.html" target="_self">雙相鋼</a>應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 15:50:37 +0800雙相不銹鋼發(fā)展歷史及現(xiàn)狀http://hndcdp.com/post/352.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Duplex Stainless Steel</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,簡(jiǎn)稱</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">DSS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),顧名思義,是指組織中存在兩種不同的相</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">[5]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。一般來(lái)說(shuō),雙相不銹鋼是指鐵奧雙相,即在固溶組織中,鐵素體相和奧氏體相約各占一半,此時(shí)具有較好的強(qiáng)度韌性和塑性,雙相不銹鋼典型組織。由于雙相不銹鋼中銘、鋁、氫等合金元素的加入和兩相的組織特點(diǎn),與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼不僅強(qiáng)度較高,而且擁有良好的耐晶間腐蝕及耐應(yīng)力腐蝕性能;與鐵素體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼兼具良好的韌性、塑性,并且可焊接性能良好,韌脆轉(zhuǎn)變溫度更,低。基于以上優(yōu)點(diǎn),雙相不銹鋼迅速發(fā)展,在化工、輕工、食品、能源與環(huán)保、建筑等領(lǐng)域都得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">1936</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年在法國(guó),與雙相不銹鋼有關(guān)的第一個(gè)專利成功申請(qǐng)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">[8]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。從二十世紀(jì)三十年代算起,雙相不銹鋼的發(fā)展歷史距今已經(jīng)接近九十年。截至目前,工業(yè)上成熟應(yīng)用的雙相不銹鋼已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第三代</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">5</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。近年來(lái),已經(jīng)有一批學(xué)者開(kāi)始致力于第四代雙相不銹鋼的開(kāi)發(fā)研究。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">美國(guó)于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代所開(kāi)發(fā)了牌號(hào)為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">UNS32900</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的雙相不銹鋼。該鋼種具有高鋁、銘,含碳量較高(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">&lt;0.1%C</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)的特點(diǎn),其耐局部腐蝕能力較強(qiáng),但在焊接時(shí)會(huì)析出碳化物使得耐蝕性能降低。鑒于此,各國(guó)都在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">329</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼基礎(chǔ)上降低碳含量來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)新鋼種,最著名的是瑞典于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">60</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代中期開(kāi)發(fā)的的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3Re60</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼。它是第一代雙相不銹鋼的代表性鋼種,其銘含量為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">18%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,具有超低碳、良好的可焊性和成型性等特點(diǎn)。一代雙相不銹鋼特點(diǎn)是耐腐蝕性能較好,但由于碳含量較高,在焊接時(shí)熱影響區(qū)容易出現(xiàn)單相鐵素體而導(dǎo)致耐腐蝕性能下降,因此應(yīng)用方面受到一定限制。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">第二代雙相不銹鋼為新型含氨<a href="http://hndcdp.com/" target="_self">雙相不銹鋼</a>。二代雙相不銹鋼的成功研制,得益于二次精煉技術(shù)的普及和冶煉超低碳鋼技術(shù)的日益成熟,使得碳含量在冶煉過(guò)程中可以控制到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.03%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以下;另一方面,錦資源的短缺使得奧氏體不銹鋼的價(jià)格上漲,同時(shí)隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展,不銹鋼的需求進(jìn)一步增加。同時(shí)研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn),氨作為奧氏體形成元素,對(duì)雙相不銹鋼組織有重要影響。氨元素不僅可以提高接頭的耐蝕性,還可以提高奧氏體相的耐點(diǎn)蝕性能。第二代雙相不銹鋼的代表鋼種為瑞典開(kāi)發(fā)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SAF2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">隨著冶金技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,在煉鋼過(guò)程中能夠精確控制氫的加入,代表牌號(hào)為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Zeron100</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SAF2507</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的第三代雙相不銹鋼于二十世紀(jì)八十年代研制成功。三代雙相不銹鋼具有良好的耐點(diǎn)蝕性能,超低碳含量(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C0.01~0.02%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),較高鋁含量(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">1</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">~4%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)和較高的気含量(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N0.1-0.3%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">四代雙相不銹鋼有經(jīng)濟(jì)節(jié)約型雙相不銹鋼和超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼兩個(gè)不同的方向。由于現(xiàn)在錦資源短缺,錦價(jià)格波動(dòng)較大,因此研制節(jié)錦節(jié)鋁的經(jīng)濟(jì)型雙相不銹鋼迫在眉睫。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">這個(gè)方向典型的鋼種為瑞典開(kāi)發(fā)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">LDX2101</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼。另一方面,研制超級(jí)型和特超級(jí)型雙相不銹鋼可以滿足極端惡劣環(huán)境下對(duì)材料的要求,比如海水熱交換器所處的高氣化物環(huán)境,對(duì)于耐局部點(diǎn)蝕性能有著極高的要求。這個(gè)方向瑞典開(kāi)發(fā)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SAF2507</span><span style="font-family:宋體">應(yīng)用較為廣泛,此外,還有較為常見(jiàn)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SAF2906</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SAF3207HD</span><span style="font-family:宋體">等牌號(hào)。雙相不銹鋼按照所含合金的類型和含量,可以分為四大類。</span></span></p>Thu, 21 Jul 2022 09:43:30 +0800國(guó)內(nèi)雙相鋼的研究和應(yīng)用http://hndcdp.com/post/356.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">我國(guó)自</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">70</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代開(kāi)始雙相鋼的研究,已在雙相鋼板材和棒材方面取得了一定成果,主要是用于汽車工業(yè)的熱軋和熱處理雙相鋼板。而對(duì)于非沖壓成型鋼材,如線材、絲材、棒材、鋼筋、管材和緊固件等量大面廣的領(lǐng)域,雙相鋼的研制工作剛剛起步,有的尚未棒材、鋼筋、管材和緊固件等量大面廣的領(lǐng)域,雙相鋼的研制工作剛剛起步,有的尚未開(kāi)展。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">鞍山鋼鐵(集團(tuán))公司進(jìn)行了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">4</span><span style="font-family:宋體">方面研究:①熱軋雙相鋼板(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn-V</span><span style="font-family:宋體">及</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn-Mo-V</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系鋼),熱連軋后直接卷取獲得雙相組織,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Rm=590MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Re=470MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">;②熱處理雙相鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn-Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo-V-N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系鋼),將熱軋板材重新加熱至雙相區(qū)后冷卻獲得雙相組織:③連續(xù)退火冷軋雙相鋼;④周期退火雙相鋼,主要是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系鋼,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Rm=560MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Re=225MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,成型性能好。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">武漢鋼鐵公司采用的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Si-Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C&lt;0.1%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Si=0.4%~0.6%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">;</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn=1.3%~1.5%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),利用連續(xù)退火爐生產(chǎn)熱處理雙相鋼,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Rm=590~630MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Re=370MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ar=25%~29%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">北京科技大學(xué)進(jìn)行了有關(guān)<a href="http://hndcdp.com/post/355.html" target="_self">雙相鋼</a>的高強(qiáng)度、高加工硬化率和高韌塑性的機(jī)理研究,并在雙相鋼棒材和帶材方面進(jìn)行了研制。其研制的冷成型高強(qiáng)度螺栓用熱處理雙相鋼棒材(采用</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C&lt;0.1%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Si-Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系鋼)制成高強(qiáng)度級(jí)別的螺栓(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">8.8</span><span style="font-family:宋體">級(jí)),</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Rm=835~855MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">;研制的冷軋熱處理雙相鋼帶材(主要是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">系鋼)成型性好,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Rm-686~785MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Re=295~345MPa</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Au=20%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">AT=27%</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">此外,天津鋼管廠與鞍山鋼鐵(集團(tuán))公司合作、天津第三軋鋼廠與天津市冶金材料研究所合作,也曾分別研制并批量生產(chǎn)熱軋雙相鋼鋼管(熱軋后冷拔)和棒材。雙相鋼在國(guó)外起步不久,我國(guó)與外國(guó)差距并不大。因此,我們應(yīng)立即采取有效措施,選定適合我國(guó)國(guó)情的技術(shù)路線,加速開(kāi)發(fā)雙相鋼。要促進(jìn)科研、生產(chǎn)和使用部門(mén)密切合作,推廣現(xiàn)有成果,并結(jié)合國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn),加強(qiáng)學(xué)術(shù)交流,進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展科研工作,否則必定落后于國(guó)外。我國(guó)開(kāi)發(fā)雙相鋼的方針應(yīng)該是與國(guó)外齊頭并進(jìn)、同步發(fā)展,并力爭(zhēng)趕超世界先進(jìn)水平</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span></span></p>Wed, 20 Jul 2022 09:52:21 +08002205不銹鋼的組織特點(diǎn)http://hndcdp.com/post/357.html<p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">根據(jù)所要達(dá)到的性能確定其所需的組織。</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">主要用于冷成形結(jié)構(gòu)件,對(duì)它的性能要求是:高的抗拉強(qiáng)度和低的屈服強(qiáng)度,高的塑性和大的均勻應(yīng)變范圍,優(yōu)良的韌性,高的形變硬化率,從而保證</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">獲得優(yōu)異的成形性和焊接性。因此,所設(shè)計(jì)的</span></span><a href="http://hndcdp.com/" target="_self"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼</span></span></a><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">兩相組織應(yīng)當(dāng)是:一個(gè)組成相具有高強(qiáng)度,以保證鋼能承受外加載荷;另一個(gè)組成相則具有高塑性高韌性,以賦予鋼材高的形變能力和優(yōu)異的成形性。只有這種復(fù)相組織的鋼,才能最大限度地保證鋼獲得優(yōu)異的強(qiáng)塑性。因此面向</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">21</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)的</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">的形變加工組織是以晶粒細(xì)小具有高密度位錯(cuò),凈化</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">C</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的等軸狀的高塑性高韌性鐵素體相作為基體,而以低碳位錯(cuò)馬氏體作為第二相,它呈孤島狀均勻分布于基體上,其中位錯(cuò)具有可動(dòng)性。鐵素體和馬氏體是高度粘合的,在其間沒(méi)有第二相粒子的偏聚,鐵素體相可將載荷作用安全地傳遞給馬氏體相。</span></span></p>Tue, 12 Jul 2022 15:56:27 +0800雙相鋼的簡(jiǎn)介http://hndcdp.com/post/354.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相鋼系特指經(jīng)臨界區(qū)處理或控制軋制得到的主要由鐵素體和馬氏體按一定比例所構(gòu)成的鋼。這種鋼具有屈服點(diǎn)低、屈強(qiáng)比低、初始加工硬化率高。在拉伸曲線上為連續(xù)屈服以及強(qiáng)度和延性配合好等特點(diǎn)。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">般來(lái)講,普通結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的主要性能指標(biāo)強(qiáng)度和延性相互矛盾,強(qiáng)度的提高往往伴隨著韌性和延性的下降,反之亦然。欲取得相互矛盾的性能最優(yōu)化的一個(gè)重要方法就是應(yīng)用復(fù)合材料概念進(jìn)行合金設(shè)計(jì)。這一方法的基本原理就是利用復(fù)合物使各相的優(yōu)點(diǎn)盡可能得到發(fā)揮,同時(shí)使它們的缺點(diǎn)因其他相的存在減少或消除,其中一相的大小、分布、形狀和體積分?jǐn)?shù)影響和控制著雙相的力學(xué)性能。這在一定程度上提供了達(dá)到最佳力學(xué)性能狀態(tài)的靈活性。<a href="http://hndcdp.com/" target="_self">雙相鋼</a>就是在這種原理指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行合金設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)范例。將強(qiáng)韌的馬氏體引入高延性的鐵素體中,馬氏體賦予鋼以強(qiáng)度,鐵素體賦予鋼以延性。</span></span></p>Thu, 07 Jul 2022 15:48:34 +0800雙相不銹鋼中主要合金元素作用http://hndcdp.com/post/353.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼中最重要的是銘元素,當(dāng)質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)超過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">10.5%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">時(shí),氧化介質(zhì)中的鋼會(huì)在表面形成一層致密的薄膜,避免鋼被進(jìn)一步腐蝕,這種鈍化現(xiàn)象是不銹鋼之所以“不銹”的原因。元素含量也對(duì)不銹鋼的力學(xué)性能和耐腐蝕性能有較大影響。因此,設(shè)計(jì)合適的合金含量對(duì)于鋼種的開(kāi)發(fā)具有重要的意義。一直以來(lái),</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Schaeffler</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相圖在雙相不銹鋼設(shè)計(jì)相平衡工作中起到了重要的作用。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Schaeffler</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相圖初期用來(lái)表征化學(xué)成分和焊縫金屬組織之間關(guān)系,在后來(lái)才推廣到可變形的鋼中。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Schaeffler</span><span style="font-family:宋體">公式主要用來(lái)計(jì)算錦當(dāng)量</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Creq</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和銘當(dāng)量</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Nieq</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,式(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1-5</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1-6</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">為了更精準(zhǔn)地表征其他元素對(duì)金屬組織的影響,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Delong37</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">38]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">對(duì)錦當(dāng)量的計(jì)算方法進(jìn)行了修正,在公示中加入了氨元素對(duì)奧氏體的影響,如公式(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1-7</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)所示。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Creq=Cr%+Mo%+1.5xSi%+0.5xNb%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1-5</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Nieq=Ni%+30xC%+0.5xMn%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1-6</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Nieq=Ni%+30xC%+30xN%+0.5xMn%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1-7</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">需要指出的是,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)及應(yīng)用中,對(duì)于組織的影響因素很多,除了元素含量外,還要綜合考慮冷速、熱加工過(guò)程等對(duì)組織造成的影響,并結(jié)合實(shí)際生產(chǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)對(duì)合金配比進(jìn)行調(diào)整。在鐵銘合金中加入鎳氮錳等奧氏體形成元素,則不銹鋼中會(huì)形成穩(wěn)定的奧氏體結(jié)構(gòu)。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">因此,不銹鋼中的顯微組織結(jié)構(gòu)由鐵素體形成元素(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Si</span><span style="font-family:宋體">等)和奧氏體形成元素(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">等)含量共同決定。在不銹鋼中,主要元素的具體作用如下:</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:銘元素是強(qiáng)烈形成和穩(wěn)定鐵素體相并縮小奧氏體相區(qū)元素,雙相不銹鋼中的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">含量一般不低于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">18%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。銘元素可以大幅度提高不銹鋼的耐蝕性,此外,銘含量的增加會(huì)使雙相不銹鋼的屈服強(qiáng)度提高。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:鋁元素是鐵素體強(qiáng)烈形成元素,其形成鐵素體的能力與</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">元素相當(dāng)。鋁可以明顯提高不銹鋼的耐腐蝕性,其提高耐點(diǎn)蝕和耐縫隙腐蝕能力是銘的三倍。鋁對(duì)于析出相的生成有促進(jìn)作用,可以使析出相</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">TTT</span><span style="font-family:宋體">曲線析出范圍加寬,鼻溫升高,增加雙相不銹鋼的脆化傾向</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">[40</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">41]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。鋁元素使得不銹鋼在酸性介質(zhì)中陽(yáng)極區(qū)電流密度下降</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2~3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),并在鋼的表面形成穩(wěn)定的保護(hù)膜,提高雙相不銹鋼在高氯化物濃度介質(zhì)中的耐腐蝕性能。此外,鋁和氫具有協(xié)同配合作用,兩者可以組織鈍化膜溶解,使不銹鋼具有更高的點(diǎn)蝕電位。同時(shí),銘元素越多,鋁提高耐腐蝕效果越明顯。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Si</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:硅元素是鐵素體形成元素,其形成鐵素體能力是銘元素的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.5</span><span style="font-family:宋體">倍。硅元素的加入可以在不銹鋼表面形成保護(hù)膜,增強(qiáng)不銹鋼的耐酸腐蝕能力。但是在<a href="http://hndcdp.com/" target="_self">雙相不銹鋼</a>中硅元素并沒(méi)有廣泛應(yīng)用,原因是硅元素會(huì)使富銘鋁金屬間相的析出。此外,在焊接或暴露在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">400℃</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以上的高溫下時(shí),會(huì)促進(jìn)金屬間化合物的析出。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:錦元素是強(qiáng)烈形成和擴(kuò)大奧氏體區(qū)元素,可以通過(guò)錦元素加入的量來(lái)調(diào)控兩相比例來(lái)提高雙相不銹鋼的耐腐蝕性能。鎳元素在奧氏體不銹鋼中含量較高,一般高于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">6%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,在雙相不銹鋼中含量較低,一般在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1.5-7%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">之間。文獻(xiàn)中提出,當(dāng)錦含量低于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">5%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">時(shí),雙相不銹鋼的強(qiáng)度和韌性會(huì)隨著錦的含量增加而增加。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">C</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:碳元素也是強(qiáng)烈形成奧氏體相元素,其形成奧氏體的能力是錦元素的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30</span><span style="font-family:宋體">倍,碳元素還可以提高不銹鋼的強(qiáng)度,但是在雙相不銹鋼中,過(guò)高的碳元素會(huì)在晶界處形成富銘的碳化物,使得鋼的耐晶間腐蝕性能嚴(yán)重下降,此外還會(huì)使鋼的塑性和韌性嚴(yán)重下降。因此在雙相不銹鋼中要嚴(yán)格控制碳含量。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:氨元素是奧氏體形成元素,是錦元素形成奧氏體能力的三倍。氫元素在雙相不銹鋼中作用很重要,它可以替代錦元素達(dá)到節(jié)約成本的目的,同時(shí)還可以減少析出相的生成</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">[48</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">49]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。氨元素可以通過(guò)影響合金元素在兩相中的分配系數(shù)來(lái)提高耐蝕性能。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氮元素可以有助于鐵的溶解,增加鈍化膜中的銘含量增加來(lái)提高耐點(diǎn)蝕能力;氫的富集使表面膜不易破裂,而鋁有利于再鈍化,兩者結(jié)合降低了鋼表面點(diǎn)蝕發(fā)生的可能性。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:錳元素是較弱的奧氏體形成元素,其錦當(dāng)量為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.5</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。在不銹鋼中,當(dāng)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">含量逐漸增加時(shí),可以使氨元素在鋼中的固溶度大幅度提高。在生產(chǎn)中,常利用該特性采用鋼種加錳和氫元素來(lái)代替較貴的錦元素,以節(jié)約成本。猛可以促進(jìn)。相的析出,使鋼的韌性和韌性下降,并且會(huì)對(duì)鋼的低溫韌性和焊接性產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cu</span><span style="font-family:宋體">:銅元素是奧氏體穩(wěn)定和形成元素,錦當(dāng)量為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.33</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。雙相不銹鋼中加入適量的銅元素可以提高鋼的強(qiáng)度和耐腐蝕能力,但是在熱加工過(guò)程容易產(chǎn)生“銅脆”現(xiàn)象。相比于雙相不銹鋼的其他元素,銅元素熔點(diǎn)較低,在凝固過(guò)程最后凝固,因此會(huì)在液相中富集形成銅析出相。銅的析出會(huì)使界面結(jié)合能降低而弱化晶界強(qiáng)度,在變形的過(guò)程中容易產(chǎn)生裂紋。經(jīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雙相不銹鋼中添加小于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的銅元素可以提高抗點(diǎn)蝕能力,但當(dāng)銅元素含量高于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">后,隨著銅含量的增加,耐點(diǎn)蝕能力提高并不明顯。</span></span></p>Sat, 02 Jul 2022 12:22:41 +0800雙相不銹鋼的發(fā)展http://hndcdp.com/post/349.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼根據(jù)其微觀組織結(jié)構(gòu)可分為四類:奧氏體不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Austenitic stainless steel</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)、鐵素體不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ferrite stainless steel</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)、馬氏體不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Martensitic stainless steel</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)、雙相不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Duplex stainless steel</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)。大多數(shù)的不銹鋼如奧氏體不銹鋼、鐵素體不銹鋼和馬氏體不銹鋼,最開(kāi)始發(fā)現(xiàn)于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)初。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1927</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Bain</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Griffith</span><span style="font-family:宋體">報(bào)告了他們對(duì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Fe-Cr-Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">合金體系的研究結(jié)果,最先提到了由奧氏體和鐵素體組成兩相組織的雙相不銹鋼。在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代早期,發(fā)現(xiàn)不銹鋼焊縫金屬的化學(xué)組成與相組織存在一定的定量關(guān)系,并繪制成圖,其中最有名的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Schaeffler</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相圖。后來(lái)人們將</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Schaeffler</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相圖應(yīng)用到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Fe-Cr-Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">合金體系不銹鋼品種開(kāi)發(fā),發(fā)現(xiàn)在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">900</span><span style="font-family:宋體">℃以上確實(shí)存在鐵素體</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">+</span><span style="font-family:宋體">奧氏體兩相區(qū),由此打開(kāi)了雙相不銹鋼的大門(mén)。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">歷史第一個(gè)商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的<a href="http://hndcdp.com/post/348.html" target="_self">雙相不銹鋼</a>產(chǎn)品是由</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Avesta Jernverk</span><span style="font-family:宋體">公司生產(chǎn)的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">453E</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">25%Cr-5%Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),隨后在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1932</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1933</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年,改進(jìn)型</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">453S</span><span style="font-family:宋體">鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">25%Cr-5%Ni-1%Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)上市,被應(yīng)用于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Brobeck</span><span style="font-family:宋體">型冷卻器、火藥生產(chǎn)的高壓釜和亞硫酸鹽制漿的閥門(mén)。此外,另一個(gè)早期雙相不銹鋼產(chǎn)品的記錄可以追溯到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1933</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年,當(dāng)時(shí)法國(guó)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Holtzer</span><span style="font-family:宋體">公司在冶煉</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">18%Cr-9%Ni-2.5%Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼時(shí)出現(xiàn)失誤,生產(chǎn)成了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20%Cr-8%Ni-2.5%Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">不銹鋼。在隨后對(duì)鑄件的分析時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),鋼的組織中奧氏體基體里含有大量的鐵素體,而且在各種腐蝕介質(zhì)中對(duì)晶間腐蝕不敏感。當(dāng)時(shí)的高碳奧氏體不銹鋼容易析出網(wǎng)狀氮化鉻,導(dǎo)致周圍形成貧鉻區(qū)發(fā)生腐蝕。再加上這種不銹鋼擁有比奧氏不銹鋼更高的強(qiáng)度,促使法國(guó)于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1935</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1937</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年頒發(fā)相關(guān)專利。到了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代末,雙相不銹鋼已成為一個(gè)新的不銹鋼系列,并已相繼獲得專利,在法國(guó)、瑞典和美國(guó)同時(shí)上市。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">50</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代初,世界鎳資源極大短缺,這推動(dòng)了鎳含量相對(duì)較低的雙相合金的研究。雙相不銹鋼擁有接近平衡的鐵素體和奧氏體組織,比完全奧氏體組織具有更好的抗氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕開(kāi)裂(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Stress Corrosion Cracking</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SCC</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)性能,這也一直是雙相不銹鋼鋼對(duì)比奧氏體不銹鋼的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)之一。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">50</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代末,市售的大多為鐵素體約</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">70%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的鑄造合金</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">CD4-MCU</span><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">UNS J93370</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),韌性和延展性相對(duì)較差。后來(lái)通過(guò)將鉻含量降低到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">22%~23%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">并引入淬火、退火處理,提高了延展性提高了力學(xué)性能。然而,人們對(duì)其整個(gè)過(guò)程的冶金學(xué)上的理解,仍然沒(méi)有取得足夠的進(jìn)展。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">60</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代末和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">70</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代初,伴隨著海洋石油工業(yè)探采活動(dòng)增加,需要一種能夠應(yīng)用于惡劣的環(huán)境的不銹鋼材料;此外,隨著真空處理和氬氧脫碳(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">VOD</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">AOD</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)技術(shù)的引入,鋼鐵生產(chǎn)技術(shù)工藝得到了極大的改進(jìn),這時(shí)可將鋼中的碳、硫和氧含量降到極低,并且也能很好地控制氮含量,氮的添加有利于提高耐腐蝕性能和雙相組織的高溫穩(wěn)定性。</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">70</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代初,德國(guó)和瑞典開(kāi)發(fā)了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">22%Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相鋼,即</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">DIN 1.4462</span><span style="font-family:宋體">或</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">UNS S31803</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,這種新型不銹鋼焊接后晶間腐蝕性能良好。然而,由于鋼種成分范圍太寬,部分鋼種焊后組織熱影響區(qū)鐵素體過(guò)多導(dǎo)致耐點(diǎn)蝕性降低。事實(shí)證明,氮含量保持在范圍的上限非常重要,這一最新進(jìn)展也標(biāo)志著第三代雙相不銹鋼的到來(lái)。在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">80</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代,更高合金化的超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼相繼開(kāi)發(fā),并應(yīng)用于更惡劣的環(huán)境。一些超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼含有約</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">25%Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">6%~7%Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3%~4%Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">0.2%~0.3%N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、≤</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2%Cu</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和≤</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2%Mn</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,其抗點(diǎn)蝕當(dāng)量值(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">PREN</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)通常大于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">40</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,其中</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">PRE N=%Cr+3.3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">×</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">(%Mo)+16</span><span style="font-family:宋體">×</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">(%N)(2.1)</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">抗點(diǎn)蝕當(dāng)量值是從經(jīng)驗(yàn)關(guān)系中推導(dǎo)出來(lái)的,可以采取幾種形式。然而,公式</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">(2.1)</span><span style="font-family:宋體">應(yīng)用最廣泛。并且由于鎢(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">W</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)在某些超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼中的引入,這種元素也能提高耐點(diǎn)蝕性能,因此提出了一種改進(jìn)的關(guān)系式。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:Calibri">PRE W=%Cr+3.3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">×</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">(%Mo+0.5</span><span style="font-family:宋體">×</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">%W)+16</span><span style="font-family:宋體">×</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">(%N)(2.2)</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">人們?cè)谏a(chǎn)超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼時(shí),也更加注意平衡</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Ni</span><span style="font-family:宋體">元素的比例,并嘗試加入更高含量的氮,這使鋼具有良好熱穩(wěn)定性和較高強(qiáng)度。然而,隨著合金含量升高,金屬間化合物的析出問(wèn)題也愈加突出,但是這種有害現(xiàn)象可以通過(guò)良好的工藝控制和固溶退火處理來(lái)避免,在焊接過(guò)程中也可以通過(guò)限制電弧能量和層間溫度來(lái)進(jìn)行控制。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">20</span><span style="font-family:宋體">世紀(jì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">80</span><span style="font-family:宋體">年代雙相不銹鋼向著另一種方向發(fā)展,即經(jīng)濟(jì)型雙相不銹鋼,其合金含量較低,特別是</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">含量,這使得生產(chǎn)成本顯著降低,但耐點(diǎn)蝕性能也隨之下降。盡管如此,經(jīng)濟(jì)型雙相不銹鋼仍憑借其高強(qiáng)度、較好的耐點(diǎn)蝕性能和耐應(yīng)力腐蝕性能,與</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">304L</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">316L</span><span style="font-family:宋體">等高牌號(hào)產(chǎn)品形成有力競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。</span></span></p>Sat, 02 Jul 2022 10:05:49 +0800雙相不銹鋼簡(jiǎn)介http://hndcdp.com/post/348.html<p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼是指組織為平衡的鐵素體和奧氏體兩相,其中較少的一相最少占比也要達(dá)到</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">30%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的一類不銹鋼。相比于奧氏體不銹鋼,雙相不銹鋼經(jīng)過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">100</span><span style="font-family:宋體">多年的發(fā)展,在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中得到了廣泛使用,占據(jù)了越來(lái)越重要的地位。雙相不銹鋼發(fā)展至今已成為一個(gè)大家族。按照合金含量高低,雙相不銹鋼的典型牌號(hào)可分為:低合金型(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2101</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2304</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)、中合金型(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)和高合金型(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2505</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)以及超級(jí)雙相不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2507</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2707</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3207</span><span style="font-family:宋體">),雙相不銹鋼的典型成分與力學(xué)性能如表</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2.1</span><span style="font-family:宋體">所示。其中,中合金型</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">是雙相不銹鋼的主力鋼種,占據(jù)了雙相不銹鋼生產(chǎn)總量</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">80%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。</span><a href="http://hndcdp.com/" target="_self"><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼</span></a><span style="font-family:宋體">憑借優(yōu)異耐蝕性、良好綜合力學(xué)性能和低廉成本優(yōu)勢(shì),在眾多應(yīng)用環(huán)境中逐步替代傳統(tǒng)奧氏體不銹鋼,廣泛應(yīng)用于石油化工、海洋工程、造紙工業(yè)、壓力容器等諸多領(lǐng)域。</span></span></p>Fri, 01 Jul 2022 10:02:11 +0800鈮微合金化改善含氮雙相不銹鋼耐腐蝕性能的普適性http://hndcdp.com/post/350.html<p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">微合金元素形成的析出相以?shī)A雜物為核心析出在其他不銹鋼中已有所報(bào)道,然而由于鋼種和脫氧工藝不同,所形成的析出相和被包裹夾雜物類型存在很大差異。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)由于含氮雙相不銹鋼成分的特殊性,在凝固、熱處理及冷卻過(guò)程中形成了穩(wěn)定的析出相</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相,其</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Mo</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Nb</span><span style="font-family:宋體">等元素含量較高,具有良好的耐蝕性。特別是較高的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">N</span><span style="font-family:宋體">含量,能夠促進(jìn)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Cr</span><span style="font-family:宋體">富集,提高鈍化膜穩(wěn)定性,降低點(diǎn)缺陷密度,從而提高耐蝕性</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">[121-124]</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。其次,鋼中夾雜物主要為</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3-MnS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">復(fù)合夾雜。如前文所述,析出順序?yàn)椋?lt;/span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3&gt;MnS&gt;Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相,錯(cuò)配度為:d</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z/MgO-Al2O3&lt;6%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,d</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z/MnS&gt;12%</span><span style="font-family:宋體">。因此,在凝固過(guò)程中,大部分</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MnS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">以</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">為核心析出形成</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3-MnS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">復(fù)合夾雜,而</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相以</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3-MnS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">復(fù)合夾雜為核心析出將其包裹。按照這一思路,本研究提供了一種通過(guò)鈮微合金化對(duì)夾雜物進(jìn)行包裹來(lái)改善雙相不銹鋼耐蝕性的方法。圖</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">6.10</span><span style="font-family:宋體">為含鈮的系列雙相不銹鋼熱力學(xué)計(jì)算結(jié)果。在雙相不銹鋼固溶處理溫度范圍內(nèi)(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1000~1100</span><span style="font-family:宋體">℃)都形成了穩(wěn)定的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相。為了證實(shí)本方法的普適性,選取</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32101</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32750</span><span style="font-family:宋體">兩種含氮雙相不銹鋼進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。圖</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">6.11</span><span style="font-family:宋體">為含鈮</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32101</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32750</span><span style="font-family:宋體">兩種含氮雙相不銹固溶組織,黑色的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">夾雜物也被白色的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相包裹。圖</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">6.12</span><span style="font-family:宋體">為含鈮</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32101</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32750</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">72</span><span style="font-family:宋體">℃、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">pH8.2</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的兩倍模擬海水中的動(dòng)電位極化曲線??梢?jiàn),在添加鈮后兩種雙相不銹鋼的點(diǎn)蝕電位均有所提高,說(shuō)明加鈮提高了兩種不銹鋼的耐蝕性。以上結(jié)論均說(shuō)明,本研究提供的鈮微合金化改善耐蝕性的方法在含氮雙相不銹鋼中具有良好的普適性。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">本章利用浸泡腐蝕、動(dòng)電位極化、恒電位極化以及</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">SKPFM</span><span style="font-family:宋體">分析測(cè)試方法,研究了鈮對(duì)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><a href="http://hndcdp.com/post/349.html" target="_self"><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼</span></a><span style="font-family:宋體">耐腐蝕性能的影響,揭示了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相包裹夾雜物抑制點(diǎn)蝕萌生和拓展的機(jī)理,得出的結(jié)論如下:</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">1</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)浸泡腐蝕實(shí)驗(yàn)表明隨著鈮含量提高,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2205</span><span style="font-family:宋體">雙相不銹鋼在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">50</span><span style="font-family:宋體">℃的</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">6%FeCl3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">中腐蝕速率降低,腐蝕坑數(shù)量、平均直徑、平均深度和最大深度均減小。動(dòng)電位極化和恒電位極化測(cè)試結(jié)果表明,隨著鈮含量提高,在</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">72</span><span style="font-family:宋體">℃、</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">pH8.2</span><span style="font-family:宋體">的兩倍模擬海水中點(diǎn)蝕電位提高,腐蝕電流密度減小,說(shuō)明鈮顯著抑制了亞穩(wěn)態(tài)點(diǎn)蝕,阻礙了點(diǎn)蝕萌生和拓展。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;white-space: normal"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">2</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)不加鈮時(shí),點(diǎn)蝕萌生于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3-MnS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">處,隨后拓展成為較深點(diǎn)蝕坑;鈮微合金化后,</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相析出并包裹</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">MgO-Al2O3-MnS</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,抑制了由夾雜物引起的腐蝕。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: 宋體;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋體">(</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">3</span><span style="font-family:宋體">)</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相的成分、表面電勢(shì)及功函數(shù)均與基體接近,說(shuō)明其耐蝕性良好且不會(huì)與基體形成接觸電偶腐蝕。將鈮微合金化思路應(yīng)用于</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32101</span><span style="font-family:宋體">和</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">S32750</span><span style="font-family:宋體">,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種雙相不銹鋼中也形成了</span><span style="font-family:Calibri">Z</span><span style="font-family:宋體">相包裹夾雜物結(jié)構(gòu),耐腐蝕性能明顯提高。本研究為改善由夾雜物引起的腐蝕問(wèn)題提供了一種新思路,有望成為改善雙相不銹鋼耐蝕性的一種普適性方法,具有重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。</span></span></p>Fri, 01 Jul 2022 09:39:36 +0800 佳木斯市| 建昌县| 门头沟区| 中卫市| 陕西省| 宁陕县| 托克托县| 原阳县| 聂荣县| 寿宁县|